Semi-finished product · Electronic components
Lithium-ion battery pack
One kilogram of assembled lithium-ion battery pack
This page shows what the product is made of and where each figure comes from. It shows no death toll. The toll is computed from this bill of materials from session 19, and published only once it has an uncertainty interval and has passed a backtest.
A complete electric-car traction battery: cells, module hardware and pack hardware. Argonne's BEV NMC532 pack stores 70.6 kWh in 314.09 kg — 4.45 kg per kilowatt-hour — and is 81% cells by mass. Everything above the cell is aluminium housing, a cooling circuit and management electronics.
- Overall grade — high
- Status — draft
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What it is made of
Each line is one component of one kilogram of assembled lithium-ion battery pack: how much of it goes in, how much had to be produced for that, and where the figure comes from.
| Component | Quantity | Source |
|---|---|---|
|
Lithium-ion cell
part |
811 g | Winjobi, Dai and Kelly (2020), Update of Bill-of-Materials and Cathode Chemistry addition…
· high
Table 8 (Appendix), BOMs of EV battery cells, modules and packs — the BEV NMC532 column: 254.63 kg of cells in a pack of 314.09 kg, which is 810.69 g per kilogram of pack |
|
Aluminium
part |
134 g | Winjobi, Dai and Kelly (2020), Update of Bill-of-Materials and Cathode Chemistry addition…
· high
Table 8 (Appendix), BOMs of EV battery cells, modules and packs — the BEV NMC532 column: 42.07 kg of aluminium in module (11.76 kg) and pack (30.31 kg) hardware in a pack of 314.09 kg, which is 133.94 g per kilogram of pack |
|
Coolant: ethylene glycol part |
27.1 g | Winjobi, Dai and Kelly (2020), Update of Bill-of-Materials and Cathode Chemistry addition…
· high
Table 8 (Appendix), BOMs of EV battery cells, modules and packs — the BEV NMC532 column: 8.5 kg of glycol coolant in a pack of 314.09 kg, which is 27.06 g per kilogram of pack |
|
Battery management electronics part |
17.0 g | Winjobi, Dai and Kelly (2020), Update of Bill-of-Materials and Cathode Chemistry addition…
· high
Table 8 (Appendix), BOMs of EV battery cells, modules and packs — the BEV NMC532 column: 5.34 kg of electronic parts in module (1.12 kg) and pack (4.22 kg) hardware in a pack of 314.09 kg, which is 17.0 g per kilogram of pack. The source does not say what is in them, so they are carried by name and mass and reach no supply chain |
|
Steel
part |
5.83 g | Winjobi, Dai and Kelly (2020), Update of Bill-of-Materials and Cathode Chemistry addition…
· high
Table 8 (Appendix), BOMs of EV battery cells, modules and packs — the BEV NMC532 column: 1.83 kg of steel in the pack enclosure in a pack of 314.09 kg, which is 5.83 g per kilogram of pack |
|
Thermal insulation part |
3.44 g | Winjobi, Dai and Kelly (2020), Update of Bill-of-Materials and Cathode Chemistry addition…
· high
Table 8 (Appendix), BOMs of EV battery cells, modules and packs — the BEV NMC532 column: 1.08 kg of insulation in module (0.11 kg) and pack (0.97 kg) hardware in a pack of 314.09 kg, which is 3.44 g per kilogram of pack |
|
Copper
part |
1.62 g | Winjobi, Dai and Kelly (2020), Update of Bill-of-Materials and Cathode Chemistry addition…
· high
Table 8 (Appendix), BOMs of EV battery cells, modules and packs — the BEV NMC532 column: 0.51 kg of copper busbars and wiring in module (0.42 kg) and pack (0.09 kg) hardware in a pack of 314.09 kg, which is 1.62 g per kilogram of pack |
|
Polyethylene part |
0.410 g | Winjobi, Dai and Kelly (2020), Update of Bill-of-Materials and Cathode Chemistry addition…
· high
Table 8 (Appendix), BOMs of EV battery cells, modules and packs — the BEV NMC532 column: 0.13 kg of polyethylene in module hardware in a pack of 314.09 kg, which is 0.41 g per kilogram of pack |
Down to raw materials
The whole chain multiplied out — everything one kilogram of assembled lithium-ion battery pack needs, through every intermediate product, with every loss on the way included.
| Input | Per functional unit |
|---|---|
| Bauxite | 693 g |
| Coal and lignite | 3.45 g |
| Cobalt | 48.5 g |
| Copper | 71.6 g |
| Iron ore | 6.62 g |
| Lithium | 27.6 g |
| Manganese | 65.5 g |
| Natural graphite | 198 g |
| Nickel | 120 g |
| Battery management electronics (not in the register) | 17.0 g |
| Carbon black (conductive additive) (not in the register) | 8.03 g |
| Coolant: ethylene glycol (not in the register) | 27.1 g |
| Dimethyl carbonate (electrolyte solvent) (not in the register) | 36.7 g |
| Electricity, calcination (not in the register) | 2.45 kWh |
| Electricity, electric arc furnace route (not in the register) | 0.00402 MJ |
| Ethylene carbonate (electrolyte solvent) (not in the register) | 36.7 g |
| Limestone (not in the register) | 1.26 g |
| Lithium hexafluorophosphate (electrolyte salt) (not in the register) | 13.1 g |
| Natural gas, precursor co-precipitation (not in the register) | 4.12 kWh |
| Oxygen, chemically bound (not in the register) | 124 g |
| Polyethylene (not in the register) | 0.410 g |
| Polyethylene (separator) (not in the register) | 1.78 g |
| Polyethylene terephthalate (not in the register) | 1.85 g |
| Polypropylene (separator and casing) (not in the register) | 7.90 g |
| Polyvinylidene fluoride binder (not in the register) | 12.1 g |
| Recycled steel (scrap) (not in the register) | 1.75 g |
| Thermal insulation (not in the register) | 3.44 g |
An input marked “not in the register” is counted by mass and reaches no supply chain yet. Industries appear as the euros or tonne-kilometres the bill of materials gives them.
How much of it is explicit
100% of this product’s mass is explicit in its own bill of materials.
Its whole chain draws on 1.53 kg of materials, losses included. 81% of that is registered raw materials — the part the model can trace harm to — 19% is inputs not yet in the register, and 0% is a declared remainder.
In the input–output model it belongs to “Manufacture of electrical equipment” (FIGARO industry C27).
In the input–output model it belongs to “Manufacture of electrical equipment” (FIGARO industry C27).
What uses it
Products whose own bill of materials includes this one.
- Electric car — 314 kg in one midsize battery-electric car of 1,769 kg
The number this page does not show
The harm in this chain is not shown.
The model allocates the harm counted where each raw material is produced to the products that use it. That number is a count of people with a run behind it and no uncertainty interval yet, and nothing of that kind is published before the backtest of session 21. What this page can show without it is the structure: what the product is made of, and where each part of that knowledge comes from.