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Semi-finished product · Textiles, leather and rubber

Passenger car tyre

One kilogram of passenger car tyre

This page shows what the product is made of and where each figure comes from. It does not show a death toll. The toll is calculated from this list of materials, and will be published only once it has a range and the model has passed its test on past years.

A passenger car tyre by mass, as the European tyre industry's composition table gives it: 47% rubber and elastomers, 21.5% carbon black, 16.5% metal, 5.5% textile, 1% zinc oxide, 1% sulphur and 7.5% additives. Only the metal reaches a register material here, as steel; natural rubber, carbon black and the rest are not yet in it.

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The human cost, per item

One item is one kilogram of passenger car tyre. Scenario Arms and resources, using FIGARO 2023. Each figure is the middle result of 2,000 runs of the calculation, with the range that holds nine in ten of them beside it, and the grade that range earns.

Deaths

1.2 × 10⁻¹⁰ per item(0.78–2.0 × 10⁻¹⁰)LOWS-ARMS · run 2179 · methodology v0.1 · data dv-20261007-44r

Deaths per item: the rangeThe range that holds nine in ten of the runs, on a scale where each step is ten times the last: 0.78–2.0 × 10⁻¹⁰. The dot is the middle result; a figure graded indicative has none.10⁻¹¹10⁻¹⁰10⁻⁹

The product’s list of materials traces 24% of its weight to raw materials the model knows. The rest carries no harm in this method, which is why this method gives a floor.

Injuries

8.5 × 10⁻¹⁰ per item(0.57–1.4 × 10⁻⁹)LOWS-ARMS · run 2179 · methodology v0.1 · data dv-20261007-44r

Injuries per item: the rangeThe range that holds nine in ten of the runs, on a scale where each step is ten times the last: 0.57–1.4 × 10⁻⁹. The dot is the middle result; a figure graded indicative has none.10⁻¹⁰10⁻⁹10⁻⁸

The product’s list of materials traces 24% of its weight to raw materials the model knows. The rest carries no harm in this method, which is why this method gives a floor.

Deaths and injuries at work in these figures come from the 53 countries that reported work deaths and the 52 that reported work injuries for 2023.

Harm at work is counted as each country reports it to the UN’s labour statistics (ILOSTAT), and never estimated for a country that did not report: such a country is missing from that year, not counted as zero. So when two years’ figures differ, part of the difference can be a change in which countries reported. The model’s own year-to-year checks compare only countries that reported in both years.

Deaths: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Colombia, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Ecuador, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Rep., Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Mauritius, Moldova, Mongolia, Netherlands, Norway, Panama, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Singapore, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkiye, Turkmenistan, United States, Uzbekistan

Injuries: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Colombia, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Mauritius, Moldova, Mongolia, Netherlands, Norway, Panama, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sri Lanka, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkiye, Turkmenistan, United States, Uzbekistan

The money method — per €1,000 spent

Two methods, never added together. The materials method counts only what the product’s list of materials reaches, so it is a floor. The money method counts the whole supply chain of the industry for each euro spent, so in principle it misses nothing — but it cannot see what this particular product is made of.

In human terms

One death for every 5.0 billion – 13 billion items.

By the money method, about €910 million – €2.0 billion of spending in its industry for each death.

Rounded so that it stays within the range, so the sentence never claims more than the range does.

Under each scenario

Five answers to how much of the harm counted in a place is linked to its economy. Same product, same year, same trade table: only the rule for linking harm to the economy changes.

Deaths per item under each scenarioEach line is one scenario’s range, on a scale where each step is ten times the last; the dot is its middle result.10⁻¹¹10⁻¹⁰10⁻⁹10⁻⁸S-MAXEconomic-embeddedS-EVIDEvidence-weightedS-RESResource-onlyS-ARMSArms and resourcesS-CONSConservative

Where it comes from

By raw material — the materials method

By raw material — the materials methodEach bar is one contributor’s share of the deaths in this figure; the rest is grouped last.Coal and lignite — 98%Coal and lignite98%Iron ore — 2.5%Iron ore2.5%

By industry — the money method

By industry — the money methodEach bar is one contributor’s share of the deaths in this figure; the rest is grouped last.Mining and quarrying — 83%Mining and quarrying83%Manufacture of basic metals — 9.1%Manufacture of basic metals9.1%Crop and animal production, hunting and related service activities — 5.4%Crop and animal production, h…5.4%Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment — 0.59%Manufacture of fabricated met…0.59%Manufacture of other transport equipment — 0.42%Manufacture of other transpor…0.42%Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply — 0.38%Electricity, gas, steam and a…0.38%Water collection, treatment and supply — 0.26%Water collection, treatment a…0.26%Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products — 0.18%Manufacture of coke and refin…0.18%Everything else — 0.38%Everything else0.38%

Where the harm was counted

Where the harm was countedEach dot is a country, placed at its capital, sized by its share of the deaths in this figure.Ukraine 96%Mexico — 1.7%Turkiye — 1.0%Russian Federation — 0.31%Colombia — 0.16%Australia — 0.13%Mongolia — 0.13%United States — 0.12%Poland — <0.1%Canada — <0.1%Germany — <0.1%Czechia — <0.1%Greece — <0.1%Bulgaria — <0.1%Slovak Republic — <0.1%Thailand — <0.1%Georgia — <0.1%Korea, Rep. — <0.1%Japan — <0.1%Romania — <0.1%Uzbekistan — <0.1%Argentina — <0.1%Norway — <0.1%
Each circle is a country, at its capital, sized by its share of the deaths in this figure. The largest are named; point at or tap any other circle to see its name.
Every material, in full
By raw material — the materials method
MaterialShareDeaths per item
Coal and lignite 98%1.2 × 10⁻¹⁰
Iron ore 2.5%3.1 × 10⁻¹²

The chain, step by step

The largest step at each stage of the model. Each links to the full account, where every stage adds up to the headline figure.

  1. Passenger car tyre
  2. Coal and lignite 98% of the figure
  3. Ukraine 96% of the figure
  4. Conflict and political violence 98% of the figure
  5. Russia - Ukraine 96% of the figure

The full breakdown →

Sources behind this figure

Every data file that went into this figure in this calculation, with the credit its licence asks for.

What this figure is not

Production phase only. Harm from using the product — driving the car, charging the phone — is not in this figure.

How to read these numbers →

Beside the most similar products

The two products whose deaths per kilogram are closest to this one’s, by the materials method.

Cite this figure

HumanToll 2026, run 2179, methodology v0.1. https://quiescence.eu/humantoll/product/car-tyre/

What it is made of

Each line is one part of one kilogram of passenger car tyre: how much of it goes in, how much had to be produced to get that much (some is wasted along the way), and where the figure comes from.

What it is made of
Component Quantity Source
Rubber and elastomers, natural and synthetic
ingredient 		470 g Basel Convention, Technical guidelines on the identification and management of used tyres… · medium
Carbon black
ingredient 		215 g Basel Convention, Technical guidelines on the identification and management of used tyres… · medium
the table notes that part of the carbon black may be replaced by silica
Steel
part 		165 g Basel Convention, Technical guidelines on the identification and management of used tyres… · medium
'Metal 16.5%' — a tyre's metal is its steel cord and bead wire
Textile reinforcement
ingredient 		55.0 g Basel Convention, Technical guidelines on the identification and management of used tyres… · medium
Zinc oxide
ingredient 		10.0 g Basel Convention, Technical guidelines on the identification and management of used tyres… · medium
Sulphur
ingredient 		10.0 g Basel Convention, Technical guidelines on the identification and management of used tyres… · medium
Additives
ingredient 		75.0 g Basel Convention, Technical guidelines on the identification and management of used tyres… · medium

Down to raw materials

The whole chain worked out — everything one kilogram of passenger car tyre needs, through every product in between, with all the waste along the way included.

Down to raw materials
Input Per item
Coal and lignite 97.5 g
Iron ore 187 g
Additives (not in the register) 75.0 g
Carbon black (not in the register) 215 g
Electricity, electric arc furnace route (not in the register) 0.114 MJ
Limestone (not in the register) 35.5 g
Recycled steel (scrap) (not in the register) 49.6 g
Rubber and elastomers, natural and synthetic (not in the register) 470 g
Sulphur (not in the register) 10.0 g
Textile reinforcement (not in the register) 55.0 g
Zinc oxide (not in the register) 10.0 g

An input marked “not in the register” is counted by weight but is not yet linked to any supply chain. Services such as transport appear as the euros, or tonnes carried a kilometre, that the list of materials gives them.

How much of it is known in detail

100% of this product’s weight is listed in detail in its own list of materials.

Its whole chain uses 1.20 kg of materials, waste included. 24% of that is raw materials the model knows — the part it can trace harm to — 76% is inputs not yet on the list, and 0% is an openly stated remainder.

In the table of what industries buy from each other it belongs to “Manufacture of rubber and plastic products” (FIGARO industry C22).

In the table of what industries buy from each other it belongs to “Manufacture of rubber and plastic products” (FIGARO industry C22).

Sources

Products →

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